Article    Peer-Reviewed

Image Discrepancies: Motivators for Sustainable Practices in the Hairdressing Industry

Denise A. Baden 1,* , Kate E. Horton 2,3 and Jordan D. Peel 4
1
University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
2
Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida dos Funcionarios, s/n, Recife/PE, 50740580, Brazil
3
Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, the Netherlands
4
Manchester Metropolitan Business School, Manchester Metropolitan University, All Saints Campus, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom
*
For correspondence.
Academic Editor:
Highlights of Sustainability, 2024, 3(3), 338–353.
Received: 1 December 2023    Accepted: 30 August 2024    Published: 12 September 2024
Abstract
This study explores image discrepancies as motivators for sustainable practice adoption in the hairdressing industry. Textual responses from open-ended surveys (n = 166) and semi-structured interviews (n = 14) of UK hairdressers revealed discrepancies between their perceptions of the occupation’s current image and desired image and between how they viewed their occupation and how it was seen by their clients. These arose from the perception that hairdressing was undervalued and partially stigmatized and currently failed to live up to sustainable, professional ideals. Our analysis showed that by engaging with sustainability concerns hairdressers could present themselves as experts helping to address societal issues through haircare, thus claiming a more prestigious occupational status/image. In doing so, we shed light on image discrepancies as motivating factors towards sustainable practice. This study also has practical implications for how to motivate ethical and sustainable practices in small and medium-sized enterprises, with implications for individuals, businesses, and broader society.
Keywords
Copyright © 2024 Baden et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use and distribution provided that the original work is properly cited.
Funding
This research was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). Grant reference number ES/M004031/1 “Embedding Sustainability in the Hairdressing Curriculum - Sustainable Solutions for Hair and Beauty Sector”.
Cite this Article
Baden, D. A., Horton, K. E., & Peel, J. D. (2024). Image Discrepancies: Motivators for Sustainable Practices in the Hairdressing Industry. Highlights of Sustainability, 3(3), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.54175/hsustain3030019
References
1.
Graafland, J., & Bovenberg, L. (2020). Government regulation, business leaders’ motivations and environmental performance of SMEs. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 63(8), 1335–1355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2019.1663159
2.
Jerónimo, H. M., Henriques, P. L., de Lacerda, T. C., da Silva, F. P., & Vieira, P. R. (2020). Going green and sustainable: The influence of green HR practices on the organizational rationale for sustainability. Journal of Business Research, 112, 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.036
3.
Muller, A., & Kolk, A. (2010). Extrinsic and intrinsic drivers of corporate social performance: Evidence from foreign and domestic firms in Mexico. Journal of Management Studies, 47(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00855.x
4.
Čater, T., Čater, B., Milić, P., & Žabkar, V. (2023). Drivers of corporate environmental and social responsibility practices: a comparison of two moderated mediation models. Journal of Business Research, 159, 113652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113652
5.
Augustine, G. (2021). We’re not like those crazy hippies: The dynamics of jurisdictional drift in externally mandated occupational groups. Organzation Science, 32(4), 1056–1078. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.1423
6.
Iatridis, K., Gond, J. P., & Kesidou, E. (2022). How meaningfulness and professional identity interact in emerging professions: The case of corporate social responsibility consultants. Organization Studies, 43(9), 1401–1423. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 01708406211035506
7.
Wright, C., Nyberg, D., & Grant, D. (2012). “Hippies on the third floor”: Climate change, narrative identity and the micro-politics of corporate environmentalism. Organization Studies, 33(11), 1451–1475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612463316
8.
OECD. (2018). SMEs: Key Drivers of Green and Inclusive Growth. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/environmental-policy-toolkit-for-sme-greening-in-eu-eastern-partnership-countries_9789264293199-en (accessed 9 September 2024).
9.
Chowdhury, S., Dey, P. K., Rodríguez-Espíndola, O., Parkes, G., Tuyet, N. T. A., Long, D. D., et al. (2022). Impact of organisational factors on the circular economy practices and sustainable performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam. Journal of Business Research, 147, 362–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.077
10.
Jackson, T. (2005). Motivating sustainable consumption: a review of evidence on consumer behaviour and behavioural change. University of Surrey.
11.
Bazaraa, D. A., Mahrous, A. A., & Elsharnouby, M. H. (2022). How manipulating incentives and participation in green programs affect satisfaction: The mediating role of warm glow. Journal of Cleaner Production, 362, 132306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132306
12.
Cecere, G., Mancinelli, S., & Mazzanti, M. (2014). Waste prevention and social preferences: the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. Ecological Economics, 107, 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.007
13.
Yang, X., & Thøgersen, J. (2022). When people are green and greedy: A new perspective of recycling rewards and crowding-out in Germany, the USA and China. Journal of Business Research, 144, 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.086
14.
Costas, J., & Kärreman, D. (2013). Conscience as control – managing employees through CSR. Organization, 20(3), 394–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508413478584
15.
Ariely, D., Bracha, A., & Meier, S. (2009). Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially. American Economic Review, 99(1), 544–555. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.1.544
16.
Li, L., Wang, Z., Gong, Y., & Liu, S. (2022). Self-image motives for electric vehicle adoption: Evidence from China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 109, 103383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103383
17.
Oliver, J. D., & Lee, S-H. (2010). Hybrid car purchase intentions: a cross‐cultural analysis. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27(2), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363761011027204
18.
Abrahamsson, G., Englund, H., & Gerdin, J. (2011). Organizational identity and management accounting change. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 24(3), 345–376. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513571111124045
19.
Akkan, E., & Guzman, F. A. (2022). When discordant work selves yield workplace creativity: The roles of creative process engagement and relational identification with the supervisor. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 95(1), 184–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12373
20.
Horton, K. E., Bayerl, P. S., & Jacobs, G. (2014). Identity conflicts at work: An integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), S6–S22. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1893
21.
Horton, K. E., & Wanderley, C. de A. (2018). Identity conflict and the paradox of embedded agency: Adding a new piece to the theoretical Jigsaw. Management Accounting Research, 38, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2016.06.002
22.
Howard-Grenville, J., Nelson, A. J., Earle, A. G., Haack, J. A., & Young, D. M. (2017). If chemists don’t do it, who is going to? Peer-driven occupational change and the emergence of green chemistry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 62(3), 524–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839217690530
23.
Gandhi, N. S., Thanki, S. J., & Thakkar, J. J. (2018). Ranking of drivers for integrated lean-green manufacturing for Indian manufacturing SMEs. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 675–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.041
24.
Hoogendoorn, B., Guerra, D., & Van der Zwan, P. (2015). What drives environmental practices of SMEs? Small Business Economics, 44(4), 759–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9618-9
25.
Yadav, N., Gupta, K., Rani, L., & Rawat, D. (2018). Drivers of sustainability practices and SMEs: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2018.v7n4p531
26.
Murnaghan, C. (2009). Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs): Understanding and promoting pro-environmental behaviour change. Environment Agency, UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/small-and-medium-sized-enterprises-smes-understanding-and-promoting-pro-environmental-behaviour-change (accessed 9 September 2024).
27.
Patton, D., & Worthington, I. (2003). SMEs and environmental regulations: a study of the UK screen-printing sector. Environment and Planning C-Government and Policy, 21(4), 549–566. https://doi.org/10.1068/c0321
28.
Baden, D., Harwood, I. A., & Woodward, D. G. (2011). The effects of procurement policies on ‘downstream’ corporate social responsibility activity: Content-analytic insights into the views and actions of SME owner-managers. International Small Business Journal, 29(3), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610375770
29.
Arend, R., J. (2013). Social and environmental performance at SMEs: Considering motivations, capabilities, and instrumentalism. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(4), 541–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1934-5
30.
Boiral, O., Baron, C., & Gunnlaugson, O. (2014). Environmental leadership and consciousness development: A case study among Canadian SMEs. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(3), 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1845-5
31.
Murillo, D., & Lozano, J. M. (2009). Pushing forward SME CSR through a network: an account from the Catalan model. Business Ethics-a European Review, 18(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2009.01545.x
32.
Sibian, A. R., & Ispas, A. (2021). An approach to applying the ability-motivation-opportunity theory to identify the driving factors of green employee behavior in the hotel industry. Sustainability, 13(9), 4659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094659
33.
Santana, A. (2015). Disentangling the knot: Variable mixing of four motivations for firms’ use of social practices. Business & Society, 54(6), 763–793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650313483463
34.
Schaefer, A., Williams, S., & Blundel, R. (2020). Individual values and SME environmental engagement. Business & Society, 59(4), 642–675. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650317750134
35.
Wallace, E., & Buil, I. (2023). Antecedents and consequences of conspicuous green behavior on social media: Incorporating the virtual self-identity into the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Research, 157, 113549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113549
36.
Gneezy, U., Meier, S., & Rey-Biel, P. (2011). When and why incentives (don’t) work to modify behavior. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(4), 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.4.191
37.
Miscenko, D., & Day, D. V. (2016). Identity and identification at work. Organizational Psychology Review, 6(3), 215–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386615584009
38.
Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (2001). Social identity theory and organizational processes. In M. A. Hogg & D. J. Terry (Eds.), Social identity processes in organizational contexts (pp. 1–12). Psychology Press.
39.
Ashforth, B. E., Harrison, S. H., & Corley, K. G. (2008). Identification in organizations: An examination of four fundamental questions. Journal of Management, 34(3), 325–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316059
40.
DeRue, D. S., Ashford, S. J., & Cotton, N. C. (2009). Assuming the mantle: Unpacking the process by which individuals internalize a leader identity. In L. M. Roberts & J. E. Dutton (Eds.), Exploring positive identities and organizations: Building a theoretical and research foundation (pp. 213–232). Taylor & Francis.
41.
Ashcraft, K. L. (2013). The glass slipper: “Incorporating” occupational identity in management studies. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 6–31. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0219
42.
Nelson, A. J., & Irwin, J. (2014). “Defining what we do—all over again”: Occupational identity, technological change, and the librarian/internet-search relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 57(3), 892–928. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0201
43.
Fraher, A. L., & Gabriel, Y. (2014). Dreaming of flying when grounded: Occupational identity and occupational fantasies of furloughed airline pilots. Journal of Management Studies, 51(6), 926–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12081
44.
Brewer, M. B. (2003). Optimal distinctiveness, social identity, and the self. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 480–491). The Guildford Press.
45.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–48). Brooks/Cole.
46.
Tyler, T, R., & Blader, S. L. (2000). Cooperation in groups. Psychology Press.
47.
Dukerich, J. M., Golden, B. R., & Shortell, S. M. (2002). Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: The impact of organizational identification, identity and image on the cooperative behaviors of physicians. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 507–533. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094849
48.
Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Adminsitrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 239–263. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393235
49.
Williams, T. A., & Murphy, C. (2022). Ruminating on what you think of me: A grounded model of construed image work. Academy of Management Journal, 65(5), 1541–1570. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2020.0963
50.
Roberts, L. M. (2005). Changing faces: Professional image construction in diverse organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 30(4), 685–711. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.18378873
51.
Vough, H. C., Cardador, M. T., Bednar, J. S., Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. (2013). What clients don’t get about my profession: A model of perceied role-based image discrepancies. Academy of Management Journal, 56(4), 1050–1080. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0490
52.
Treiman, D. J. (2013). Occupational prestige in comparative perspective. Academic Press.
53.
Shantz, A., & Booth, J. E. (2014). Service employees and self-verification: The roles of occupational stigma consciousness and core self-evaluations. Human Relations, 67(12), 1439–1465. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713519280
54.
HABIA. (2012). Industry Statistics. http://www.habia.org/c/1910/industry-statistics (accessed 1 May 2022).
55.
Overell, S. (2006). Paradigm Trades: The iconic jobs of the early 21st century (Vol. 2.2). Work Foundation.
56.
Gimlin, D. (1996). Pamela’s place: Power and negotiation in the hair salon. Gender & Society, 10(5), 505–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124396010005002
57.
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., Clark, M., & Fugate, M. (2007). Normalizing dirty work: Managerial tactics for countering occupational taint. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2007.24162092
58.
Kreiner, G. E., Ashforth, B. E., & Sluss, D. M. (2006). Identity dynamics in occupational dirty work: Integrating social identity and system justification perspectives. Organization Science, 17(5), 619–636. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0208
59.
Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999). “How can you do it?”: Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.2202129
60.
Thornborrow, T. & Brown, A. D. (2009). ‘Being regimented’: Aspiration, discipline and identity work in the British parachute regiment. Organization Studies, 30(4), 355–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840608101140
61.
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin, 107(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.34
62.
Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1990). Social motivation, self-esteem and social identity. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances (pp. 28–47). Harvester Wheatsheaf.
63.
Saunders, C. (1981). Social stigma of occupations: The lower grade worker in service organisations. Gower Publishing Company.
64.
Patil, S. V. (2019). “The public doesn’t understand”: The self-reinforcing interplay of image discrepancies and political ideologies in law enforcement. Administrative Science Quarterly, 64(3), 737–769. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839218783988
65.
Patil, S. V., & Lebel, R. D. (2019). “I want to serve but the public does not understand:” Prosocial motivation, image discrepancies, and proactivity in public safety. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 154, 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.07.002
66.
Markus, H. & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954–969. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954
67.
Fournier, V. (1999). The appeal to ‘professionalism’ as a disciplinary mechanism. The Sociological Review, 47(2), 280–307.
68.
Freidson, E. (2013). Professionalism Reborn: Theory, Prophecy and Policy. Wiley.
69.
Reed, M., & Anthony, P. (1992). Professionalizing management and managing professionalization: British management in the 1980s. Journal of Management Studies, 29(5), 591–613.
70.
Witz, A. (2013). Professions and patriarchy. Routledge.
71.
Hodson, R., & Sullivan, T. A. (2012). The social organization of work. Cengage Learning.
72.
Abbott, A. (1983). Professional ethics. American Journal of Sociology, 88(5), 855–885.
73.
Harrits, G. S. (2016). Being Professional and Being Human. Professional’s Sensemaking in the Context of Close and Frequent Interactions with Citizens. Professions and Professionalism, 6(2), 1522. https://doi.org/10.7577/pp.1522
74.
Pellegrino, E. D. (1983). What is a profession? Journal of Allied Health, 12(3), 168–176.
75.
Baden, D., & Prasad, S. (2016). Applying behavioural theory to the challenge of Sustainable Development: Using hairdressers as diffusers of more sustainable hair-care practices. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(2), 335–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2398-y
76.
Baden, D., & Harwood, I. A. (2013). Terminology matters: A critical exploration of corporate social responsibility terms. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(3), 615–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1498-9
77.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
78.
Hiller, K., Mahlendorf, M. D., & Weber, J. (2014). Management accountants’ occupational prestige within the company: A social identity theory perspective. European Accounting Review, 23(4), 67–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2013.849204
79.
Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Future work selves: how salient hoped-for identities motivate proactive career behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 580–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026423
80.
Leonidou, C. N., & Skarmeas, D. (2017). Gray shades of green: Causes and consequences of green skepticism. Journal of Business Ethics, 144, 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2829-4
Metrics
Loading...
Share
Journal Menu
Journal Contact
Highlights of Sustainability Editorial Office
Highlights of Science
Avenida Madrid, 189-195, 3-3
08014 Barcelona, Spain
Email: sustainability@hos.pub
Tel. +34 93 138 23 89
Cathy Wang Managing Editor
Submit Your Article
Highlights Sustain., ISSN 2696-628X. Published quarterly by Highlights of Science.
Subscribe to read the latest articles and newsletters from Highlights of Science.