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Highlights of Sustainability
Highlights of Sustainability
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Highlights of Sustainability
Volume 3 (2024)  Issue 2  no. 13
Review    Peer-Reviewed

A Carbon Dioxide Refinery: The Core of a Sustainable Carbon-based Circular Economy

Maria M. Ramirez-Corredores
Idaho National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Science & Technology, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
Academic Editor:
Fausto Cavallaro
Highlights of Sustainability, 2024, 3(2), 205–239.
https://doi.org/10.54175/hsustain3020013
Received: 12 December 2023    Accepted: 16 April 2024    Published: 9 May 2024
Abstract
The atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation (2–2.5 ppmv/year) is the result of the enormous gap between its emissions (37 Gton/year) and its capture, storage, and utilization (<500 Mton/year). Climate has been dramatically affected due to the failure of natural sinks, in working effectively. To address this Gton-scale gap, numerous uses and applications are needed particularly, those consuming vast volumes of this compound and/or rendering longevous products or long lifecycle services. Thus, carbon utilization (CU) can be seen as the step to close the carbon cycle. Among CU, R&D on CO2 chemical conversion has proposed a variety of processes, with different degrees of developmental maturity. These chemical process technologies could be efficiently and effectively integrated into refineries to upgrade emitted CO2. A technology pipeline consisting of a database of these processes and the technology market status should be defined based on published scientific results and patents. Then, an innovative top-down methodology is proposed to eco-design configurations of that refinery, to warrant a sustainable carbon cycle (in terms of energy, environment, and economy) and to change the ways of producing fuels, chemicals, and materials. Additionally, the proposed methodology could be used to identify research and development gaps and needs, for orienting science and technology investments and measures. Hopefully, sustainable CO2 refineries will be implemented to close the carbon cycle of a circular C-based economy and underpin a decarbonized chemical industry.
Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Figures in this Article
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Keywords
CO2; CO2 utilization; CO2 conversion; decarbonization; CO2 upgrading; negative emission technologies
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Copyright © 2024 Ramirez-Corredores. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use and distribution provided that the original work is properly cited.
Funding
The author acknowledges the financial support for the elaboration of this manuscript to the Laboratory Directed Research & Development (LDRD) Program of Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC under DOE Idaho Operations Office contract No. DE-AC07-05ID14517.
Cite this Article
Ramirez-Corredores, M. M. (2024). A Carbon Dioxide Refinery: The Core of a Sustainable Carbon-based Circular Economy. Highlights of Sustainability, 3(2), 205–239. https://doi.org/10.54175/hsustain3020013
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