Article Peer-Reviewed
Adoption of Entrepreneurial Behaviours in Sports Tourism in Developing Countries
Reza Heydari 1,
Mohammad Keshtidar 1,* ,
Haywantee Ramkissoon 2,3,4,5,
Mahdi Esfahani 6 and
Ehsan Asadollahi 7
1
Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 9177948979, Iran
2
Centre for Contemporary Hospitality & Tourism & Centre for Business Improvement, College of Business, Law & Social Sciences, Derby Business School, University of Derby, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
3
College of Business, Johannesburg Business School, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2092, South Africa
4
Faculty of Social Sciences & Leisure Management Taylor’s University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
5
Excelsia School of Business, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
6
Sports Centre, Imamreza International University, Mashhad, Iran
7
Sanabad Golbahar Higher Education Institute, Golbahar, Iran
*
For correspondence.
Academic Editor:
Received: 21 June 2021 Accepted: 2 March 2022 Published: 28 March 2022
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the adoption of entrepreneurial behaviours in sports tourism in developing countries. This research is a qualitative study. The systematic method of Strauss and Corbin has been used to analyse the data. Based on the results of in-depth interviews with stakeholders (n = 25), 75 indicators of sports tourism entrepreneurship were identified. Our research findings show that the necessary institutional arrangements in regulatory/legal/administrative dimensions (rule of law, government policies), normative/cultural (social norms, values, and beliefs), cognitive/educational (promotion of elite knowledge, promotion of social knowledge) and guidance measures/supporter (public sector support, private sector support, complementary attraction and information technology) have potential to improve the rate of entrepreneurial behaviours by increasing the ability and willingness of entrepreneurs to take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities in the field of sports tourism. Our findings suggest that co-actors need to engage in a multi-stakeholder engagement approach to promote the tourism sports industry in developing countries. The existence of a legal, normative, supportive and educational environment may influence the ability and desire of market participants to identify and embrace entrepreneurial opportunities in the sports tourism sector.
Figures in this Article
Figure 1
Figure 2
Keywords
entrepreneurship; sports tourism; legal factors; educational factors; cultural factors; supportive factors
Copyright © 2022
Heydari et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use and distribution provided that the original work is properly cited.
Cite this Article
ACS Style
Heydari, R.; Keshtidar, M.; Ramkissoon, H.; Esfahani, M.; Asadollahi, E. Adoption of Entrepreneurial Behaviours in Sports Tourism in Developing Countries. Highlights Sustain. 2022, 1, 41–53. https://doi.org/10.54175/hsustain1020004
APA Style
Heydari, R., Keshtidar, M., Ramkissoon, H., Esfahani, M., & Asadollahi, E. (2022). Adoption of Entrepreneurial Behaviours in Sports Tourism in Developing Countries. Highlights of Sustainability, 1(2), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.54175/hsustain1020004
References
1.
Fetscherin, M.; Stephano, R.M. The medical tourism index: Scale development and validation. Tour. Manag. 2016, 52, 539–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.08.010
2.
Nunkoo, R.; Ramkissoon, H. Stakeholders’ views of enclave tourism: A grounded theory approach. J. Hosp. Tour. Res. 2016, 40, 557–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348013503997
3.
Ramzaninejad, R., Boroumand, M.R.; Ahmadi, F. Content Analysis of Research Articles in Sport Tourism of Iran. Ann. Appl. Sport Sci. 2020, 8, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.29252/aassjournal.677
4.
Pratt, S.; Tolkach, D. The politics of tourism statistics. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2018, 20, 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2181
5.
World Travel and Tourism Council. Travel & Tourism Global Economic Impact & Issues 2017. World Travel and Tourism Council: London, UK, 2017.
6.
Dubreuil. M. Human resource module to the Canadian TSA: Role as information source and as instrument for training adjustment. In Proceedings of the 5th UNWTO International Conference on Tourism Statistical, Ball, Indonesia, 30 March 2009; p. 24.
7.
Darbellay, F.; Stock, M. Tourism as complex interdisciplinary research object. Ann. Tour. Res. 2012, 39, 441–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.07.002
8.
Zarei, A.; Ramkissoon, H. Sport tourists’ preferred event attributes and motives: A case of Sepak Takraw, Malaysia. J. Hosp. Tour. Res. 2021, 45, 1188–1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020913091
9.
Bausch, T.; Unseld, C. Winter tourism in Germany is much more than skiing! Consumer motives and implications to Alpine destination marketing. J. Vacat. Mark. 2018, 24, 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766717691806
10.
Pereira, E.; Mascarenhas, M.; Pires, G. Sport events’potentiation process at portimão tourism resort. In Sport tourism: New Challenges in a Globalized World; Melo, R., Sobly, C., Eds.; Cambridge Scholars Publishing: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; 2017.
11.
Darabi, M.; Keshtidar, M.; Alizaiy-Yousef-Abadi, O.; Heydari, R.; Nazari-Torshizi, A. Scenario Planning of the Future of Sports Tourism Industry in Mashhad. Ann. Appl. Sport Sci. 2020, 8, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.29252/aassjournal.788
12.
Shane, S.; Venkataraman, S. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2000, 25, 217–226. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791611
13.
Davidsson, P. The entrepreneurship research challenge. Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK, 2009.
14.
Sobel, R.S. Testing Baumol: Institutional quality and the productivity of entrepreneurship. J. Bus. Ventur. 2008, 23, 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.004
15.
Peng, M.W.; Sun, S.L., Pinkham, B.; Chen, H. The institution-based view as a third leg for a strategy tripod. Acad. Manag. Perspect. 2009, 23, 63–81. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2009.43479264
16.
Gratton, C.; Dobson, N.; Shibli, S. Chapter 3—The role of major sports events in the economic regeneration of cities: Lessons from six World or European Championships. Routledge Online Stud. Olymp. Paralympic Games 2012, 1, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203471401_chapter_3
17.
Gibson, H. J.; Kaplanidou, K.; Kang, S.J. Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism. Sport Manag. Rev. 2012, 15, 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.12.005
18.
Perić, M.; Vitezić, V.; Badurina, J.Đ. Business models for active outdoor sport event tourism experiences. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2019, 32, 100561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100561
19.
Hinch, T.; Ito, E. Sustainable sport tourism in Japan. Tour. Plan. Dev. 2018, 15, 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2017.1313773
20.
Hodeck, A.; Eckert-Lindhammer, D.; dos Santos, L.C.F. Expectation and perceived experience of Rio 2016: The perspective of Latin American Stakeholders. In Proceedings of the 9th International Sport Business Symposium, Chuncheon, Korea, 21 February 2018; p. 29.
21.
Heydari, R.; Talebpour, M.; Nazari Torshizi, A.; Shajie, K.; Jaberi, S. Codification of Strategies for Competitiveness and Sports Tourism Development in Cities by using of Meta SWOT Technique (Case Study: Mashhad Metropolis). J. Urban Tour. 2020, 7, 143–159. https://doi.org/10.22059/jut.2020.290942.736
22.
World Tourism Organization. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2018 Edition; UNWTO: Madrid, Spain, 2018. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284419876
23.
Hua, K.P.; Ibrahim, I.; Chiu, L.K. Sport tourism: Physically-disabled sport tourists’ orientation. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 2013, 91, 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.423
24.
Ball, S. The importance of entrepreneurship to hospitality, leisure, sport and tourism. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Net. 2005, 1, 1–14.
25.
Ratten, V. The Future for Sport Entrepreneurship. In Sport Entrepreneurship; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73010-3_10
26.
Shane, S. Reflections on the 2010 AMR decade award: Delivering on the promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2012, 37, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2011.0078
27.
Zhang, S.N.; Li, Y.Q.; Liu, C.H.; Ruan, W.Q. Critical factors identification and prediction of tourism and hospitality students’ entrepreneurial intention. J. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Educ. 2020, 26, 100234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2019.100234
28.
Fong, V.H.I.; Wong, I.K.A.; Hong, J.F.L. Developing institutional logics in the tourism industry through coopetition. Tour. Manag. 2018, 66, 244–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.12.005
29.
Ramkissoon, H.; Sowamber, V. Local community support in tourism in Mauritius–ray of light by LUX. In Routledge Handbook of Tourism in Africa; Adu-Ampong, E., Ribeiro, A., Novelli, M., Eds.; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2020. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10545/624950 (accessed 30 November 2020).
30.
Zahra, S.A. Contextualizing theory building in entrepreneurship research. J. Bus. Ventur. 2007, 22, 443–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.04.007
31.
North, D.C. Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1990.
32.
Nyame-Asiamah, F.; Amoako, I.O., Amankwah-Amoah, J.; Debrah, Y.A. Diaspora entrepreneurs’ push and pull institutional factors for investing in Africa: Insights from African returnees from the United Kingdom. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 2020, 152, 119876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119876
33.
Peng, M.W. Global strategy, 3rd ed.; Cengage learning: Boston, MA, USA, 2013.
34.
Scott, W.R. Institutions and organizations. Foundations for organizational science; Sage Publications: London, UK, 1995.
35.
Stenholm, P.; Acs, Z.J.; Wuebker, R. Exploring country-level institutional arrangements on the rate and type of entrepreneurial activity. J. Bus. Ventur. 2013, 28, 176–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.11.002
36.
Veciana, J.M.; Urbano, D. The institutional approach to entrepreneurship research. Introduction. Int. Entrep. Manag. J. 2008, 4, 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0081-4
37.
Glaeser, E.L.; La Porta, R.; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; Shleifer, A. Do institutions cause growth? J. Econ. Growth 2004, 9, 271–303. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000038933.16398.ed
38.
Perera, L.D.H.; Lee, G.H. Have economic growth and institutional quality contributed to poverty and inequality reduction in Asia? J. Asian Econ. 2013, 27, 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2013.06.002
39.
Samkange, F.; Ramkissoon, H.; Chipumuro, J.; Wanyama, H.; Chawla, G. Innovative and Sustainable Food Production and Food Consumption Entrepreneurship: A Conceptual Recipe for Delivering Development Success in South Africa. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11049. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131911049
40.
Strauss, A.; Corbin, J.M. Grounded theory in practice; Sage Publications: London, UK, 1997.
41.
Creswell, J.W. Qualitative inquiry and researcher design: Choosing among five approaches; Sage Publications: London, UK, 2012.
42.
Booth, P.; Chaperon, S.A.; Kennell, J.S.; Morrison, A.M. Entrepreneurship in island contexts: A systematic review of the tourism and hospitality literature. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2020, 85, 102438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102438
43.
Buonincontri, P.; Marasco, A.; Ramkissoon, H. Visitors’ experience, place attachment and sustainable behaviours at cultural heritage sites: A conceptual framework. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071112
44.
Kansheba, J.M.P. Small business and entrepreneurship in Africa: The nexus of entrepreneurial ecosystems and productive entrepreneurship. Small Enterp. Res. 2020, 27, 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2020.1761869
45.
Nunkoo, R.; Ramkissoon, H.; Gursoy, D. Public trust in tourism institutions. Ann. Tour. Res. 2012, 39, 1538–1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.04.004
46.
Ramkissoon, H. COVID-19 Place Confinement, Pro-Social, Pro-environmental Behaviors, and Residents’ Wellbeing: A New Conceptual Framework. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 2248. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02248
47.
Rodrik, D.; Subramanian, A.; Trebbi, F. Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. J. Econ. Growth 2004, 9, 131–165. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000031425.72248.85
48.
Kaynak, E.; Kuan, W.K.Y. Environment, strategy, structure, and performance in the context of export activity: An empirical study of Taiwanese manufacturing firms. J. Bus. Res. 1993, 27, 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(93)90014-G
49.
Megeirhi, H.A.; Woosnam, K.M.; Ribeiro, M.A.; Ramkissoon, H.; Denley, T.J. Employing a value-belief-norm framework to gauge Carthage residents’ intentions to support sustainable cultural heritage tourism. J. Sustain. Tour. 2020, 28, 1351–1370. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1738444
50.
Marujo, N.; do Rosário Borges, M.; Serra, J. Tourism, Culture and Creativity: The Case of the CREATOUR Project in the Alentejo/Portugal Region. In Advances in Tourism, Technology and Smart Systems; Springer: Singapore, 2020; pp. 691–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2024-2_59
51.
Ramkissoon, H.; Uysal, M.S. The effects of perceived authenticity, information search behaviours, motivation and destination imagery on cultural behavioursal intentions of tourists. Curr. Issues Tour. 2011, 14, 537–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2010.493607
52.
Ramkissoon, H.; Uysal, M.; Brown, K. Relationship between destination image and behavioral intentions of tourists to consume cultural attractions. J. Hosp. Mark. Manag. 2011 20, 575–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2011.570648
53.
Nilsson, J.H. Urban bicycle tourism: path dependencies and innovation in Greater Copenhagen. J. Sustain. Tour. 2019, 27, 1648–1662. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1650749
54.
Ramkissoon, H. Pro-sociality in times of separation and loss. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 2022, 45, 101290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.11.008
55.
Ramkissoon, H. COVID-19 Adaptive Interventions: Implications for wellbeing and quality-of-life. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 810951. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810951
56.
Ramkissoon, H.; Sowamber, V. Environmentally and financially sustainable tourism. ICHRIE Res. Rep. 2018, 3, 3. Available online: https://via.library.depaul.edu/ichrie_rr/vol3/iss1/3 (accessed 24 August 2018).
57.
Acs, Z.J.; Estrin, S.; Mickiewicz, T.; Szerb, L. Entrepreneurship, institutional economics, and economic growth: An ecosystem perspective. Small Bus. Econ. 2018, 51, 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0013-9
58.
Brandão, F.; Costa, C.; Breda, Z.; Costa, R. Knowledge creation and transfer in tourism innovation networks. In Advances in Tourism, Technology and Smart Systems; Springer, Singapore, 2020; pp. 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2024-2_25
59.
Buonincontri, P.; Marasco, A.; Ramkissoon, H. Visitors’ experience, place attachment and sustainable behaviour at cultural heritage sites: A conceptual framework. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071112
60.
Raisi, H.; Baggio, R.; Barratt-Pugh, L.; Willson, G. A network perspective of knowledge transfer in tourism. Ann. Tour. Res. 2020, 80, 102817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102817
61.
Ramkissoon, H.; Mavondo, F.; Uysal, M. Social involvement and park citizenship as moderators for quality-of-life in a national park. J. Sustain. Tour. 2018, 26, 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1354866
62.
Nunkoo, R.; Smith, S.L.; Ramkissoon, H. Residents’ attitudes to tourism: A longitudinal study of 140 articles from 1984 to 2010. J. Sustain. Tour. 2013, 21, 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.673621
63.
Adel, H.M.; Mahrous, A.A.; Hammad, R. Entrepreneurial marketing strategy, institutional environment, and business performance of SMEs in Egypt. J. Entrep. Emerg. Econ. 2020, 12, 727–746. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2019-0171
64.
Kanwal, S.; Rasheed, M.I.; Pitafi, A.H.; Pitafi, A.; Ren, M. Road and transport infrastructure development and community support for tourism: The role of perceived benefits, and community satisfaction. Tour. Manag. 2020, 77, 104014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104014
65.
Ramkissoon, H.; Mavondo, F.T. The satisfaction–place attachment relationship: Potential mediators and moderators. J. Bus. Res. 2015, 68, 2593–2602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.05.002
66.
Ramkissoon, H. Behaviours Change in Tourism. In Encyclopedia of Tourism Management and Marketing. Edward Elgar Publishing: Cheltenham, UK, 2022.
67.
Mirehie, M.; Gibson, H.J. The relationship between female snow-sport tourists’ travel behaviors and well-being. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2020, 33, 100613.
68.
Kruger, M.; Viljoen, A. Destination vs event attributes: Enduring spectators’ loyalty. J. Conv. Event Tour. 2019, 20, 375–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2019.1691696
69.
Hassan, A.; Ramkissoon, H. Potentials of tourism products and services in Bangladesh. In Tourism marketing in Bangladesh; Hassan, A., Ed.; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2020. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10545/624779 (accessed on 4 March 2020).
70.
Audretsch, D.B.; Cunningham, J.A.; Kuratko, D.F.; Lehmann, E.E.; Menter, M. Entrepreneurial ecosystems: Economic, technological, and societal impacts. J. Technol. Transf. 2019, 44, 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9690-4
Metrics
Loading...
Journal Menu
Journal Contact
Highlights of Sustainability
Editorial Office
Highlights of Science
Avenida Madrid, 189-195, 3-3
08014 Barcelona, Spain
08014 Barcelona, Spain
Cathy Wang
Managing Editor